Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant important for protecting cells from damage, supporting immune function, and maintaining skin and blood vessel health. It's found in foods like vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, and green leafy vegetables. While deficiency is rare, it can lead to neurological issues....

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin essential for maintaining healthy bones and teeth, supporting the immune system, and playing a role in muscle function. It's unique among vitamins because the body can produce it when exposed to sunlight....

Vitamin B5, also known as pantothenic acid, is key for making energy from food. It helps the body use carbs, proteins, and fats. B5 is in meats, avocados, broccoli, and whole grains. It's rare to lack B5, but it's important for skin health and wound healing. B5 supports the nervous system and reduces stress....

Vitamin B3, also known as niacin, is important for converting food into energy. It's key for the health of your skin, nerves, and digestive system. B3 is in meat, fish, poultry, and whole grains. Some people may need supplements, especially with certain medical conditions. A lack of B3 can lead to skin issues, tiredness, and confusion. B3 helps maintain cholesterol levels and supports overall health....

Vitamin B12, or cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin essential for red blood cell formation, nervous system health, and energy metabolism. It's unique in containing the metal cobalt and is found naturally in animal products like meat, fish, poultry, eggs, and dairy. Vegetarians and vegans may need fortified foods or supplements, as B12 is scarce in plant-based diets....

Vitamin A is crucial for vision, immune function, and skin health. It helps with eyesight, especially in low light, and keeps skin and mucous membranes healthy. Vitamin A is in foods like carrots, sweet potatoes, and leafy greens. Animal sources include liver and dairy products. Too little can lead to vision problems and a weak immune system. Vitamin A also supports growth and reproduction....

Nicotinic acid, also known as niacin or vitamin B3, is essential for converting food into energy and maintaining healthy skin, nerves, and digestion. It's found in foods like meat, fish, and grains and can be synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan. Deficiency of nicotinic acid leads to pellagra, characterized by diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia....

Nicotinamide, also known as niacinamide, is a form of vitamin B3. It's essential for cellular metabolism and is involved in skin, nervous system, and digestive health. Unlike nicotinic acid, another form of vitamin B3, nicotinamide doesn't cause skin flushing. It's used in treating skin conditions like acne and is being studied for potential benefits in neurodegenerative diseases and cancer prevention. Found in foods like meat, fish, and green vegetables, nicotinamide is also available as a supplement and is commonly used in skincare products....

Holotranscobalamin (holoTC), also known as active vitamin B12, is a form of vitamin B12 that is bound to transcobalamin, a transport protein in the blood. This combination is biologically significant because it is the only form of vitamin B12 that can be taken up by cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis, making it readily available for cellular processes. Measurement of holotranscobalamin levels is considered a more direct marker of the recent vitamin B12 status in the body than the total vitamin B12 test, as it represents the fraction of vitamin B12 that is actually available for cellular uptake and immediate use....

Folate, also known as folic acid, is vital for cell growth and making DNA. It's key for pregnant women to prevent birth defects. Folate is in leafy greens, fruits, beans, and fortified foods. Supplements are common for pregnancy and some health conditions. A lack of folate can lead to tiredness and weak immunity....

Q10, or CoQ10, is a crucial compound for energy production in every human cell and also acts as an antioxidant to protect cells from damage. It's vital for maintaining overall health and cellular function....

Biotin, or vitamin B7, is vital for turning food into energy and supports healthy skin, hair, and nails. It's key in metabolizing fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. Biotin deficiency is rare, but supplements are often used to enhance hair and nail health....